شَاهِد

$aAhidN * (S, Mgh, L, K) and ↓ $ahiydN (S, * Mgh, L) One who tells, or gives information of, what he has witnessed, or seen or beheld with his eye: (Mgh, L:) one who declares what he knows: (L:) one who knows, and declares what he knows: (ISd, TA:) a witness, as meaning one who gives testimony, or evidence; who bears witness: (S, * L, K: *) [ one who gives decisive information: (see 1, first sentence:)] pl. of the former ↓ $ahodN , (Akh, S, K,) or [rather] this is a quasi-pl. n., (Sb, TA,) like as SaHobN is of SaAHibN , and saforN of saAfirN , (S,) but some disallow this; (TA;) and ↓ $uhuwdN [but see what is said of this in the latter half of the paragraph] and A^a$ohaAdN are also pls. of $aAhidN , (Mgh, L,) or of $ahodN : (S, K:) the pl. of ↓ $ahiydN is $uhadaA='u . (S, Mgh.) [Hence,] ↓ maEahaA saAy^iqN wa$ahiydN , in the Kur 1. 20: see art. swq . ― -b2- [Hence also] Al$~aAhidu a name of the Prophet; (K;) meaning The witness against those to whom he has been sent. (Jel in xxxiii. 44.) ― -b3- And $aAhidN An angel: (S, L, K:) or a guardian angel: (Mujáhid:) pl. A^a$ohaAdN : or this means the prophets. (TA.) ― -b4- And The tongue: (S, L, K:) from the saying, lifulaAnK $aAhidN HasanN Such a one has an elegant diction. (L.) One says also, maA lifulaAnK ruwaA='N walaA $aAhidN Such a one has neither goodliness of aspect nor tongue. (Aboo-Bekr, L.) ― -b5- [As a conventional term used in lexicology &c.,] An evidential example, generally poetical, of the form or meaning of a word or phrase: pl. $awaAhidu : the sciences that require $awaAhid being those of All~ugap and AlS~arof and Aln~aHow and AlmaEaAniY and AlbayaAn and AlbadiyE and AlEaruwD and AlqawaAfiY . (MF on the xuTobap of the K.) [One says, h`*aA $aAhidN lika*aA and EalaY ka*aA This is an evidential example of such a thing. ] With respect to the classical language, absolutely, $wAhd are taken, by universal consent, from the Kur-án, and from the language [both verse and prose (Kull p. 348)] of those Arabs who lived before the period of the corruption [in any considerable degree] of the Arabic tongue: [see muwal~adN :] also, accord. to the general decision of the learned, from the Traditions of Mohammad; [which last source is excluded by some because traditions may be corrupted in language by their transmitters, and interpolated, and even forged;] and electively from the language of those Arabs who lived after the first corruption of the Arabic tongue, but before the corruption had become extensive. (Mz, 1st nwE ; and MF ubi suprà. [See, again, muwal~adN .]) The classes of the poets from whose poetry $wAhd are taken are the Pagan Arabs, the Mukhadrams, the Islámees, and the Muwelleds: [see jaAhiliY~N and muxaDoramN and A_isolaAmiY~N and muwal~adN :] with respect to all the sciences above mentioned, they are taken from the poetry of the first, second, and third, classes; from that of the first and second by universal consent, and from that of the third electively: (MF ubi suprá:) but they are taken from the poetry of the fourth class with respect only to the sciences of AlmaEaAniY and AlbayaAn and AlbadiyE . (Idem, and Kull p. 348.) [The age of the earliest existing classical poems (though some older fragments and couplets and single verses have been preserved) is only about a century before the birth of Mohammad: that of the latest, about a century after his death. (See the Preface to this work.)] ― -b6- Knowing, (Msb,) and witnessing, or seeing or beholding with his eye; a witness, as meaning an eyewitness; (L, Msb;) as also ↓ $ahiydN : pl. of the former [or, as is said in the L in art. mjd , of the former or of the latter,] A^a$ohaAdN and $uhuwdN ; [but see what is said of these pls. in the first sentence of this paragraph;] and of the latter $uhadaA='u . (Msb.) [See an ex. of ↓ $ahiydN in this sense in a verse cited voce rab~N .] ― -b7- [Hence, in the present day, applied to A notary, who hears and writes and attests cases to be submitted for judgment in the court of a kádee.