1. certō — Lewis & Short
certō, adv., v. certus, adv. A.
The corpus record — Latin
certo
certo · adv
adv., v. , adv. A
Generated live from the audited Latin corpus — every figure on this page is a database query, not prose from memory.
Where it lives
- De Est et Non, Appendix Vergiliana 1 · 58.82/10k
- Precationes 1 · 21.6/10k
- Eclogues 7 · 15.43/10k
- Panegyricus dictus Probino et Olybrio consulibus 2 · 11.75/10k
- Ordo Urbium Nobilium 1 · 9.56/10k
- de bello Gildonico 3 · 9.48/10k
- Griphus Ternarii numeri 1 · 9.35/10k
- Punica 65 · 8.52/10k
- Panegyricus de tertio consulatu Honorii Augusti 1 · 7.24/10k
- Carminum minorum corpusculum 6 · 7.1/10k
- Divus Titus 1 · 6.72/10k
- Epodon 2 · 6.65/10k
Densest 12 of 143 attested works shown, by occurrences per 10,000 attested tokens.
What it meant
2. certo — Lewis & Short
certo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. freq. a.cerno,
I to decide something by a contest (cf. cerno, II. C. b.); hence, to fight, struggle, contend, combat, implying great exertion, and usually a measuring of strength (class. in prose and poetry; most freq. in a trop. signif.; syn.: decerto, contendo).
I Of a physical contest of strength;
mostly of battle: utrum igitur utilius Fabricio... armis cum hoste certare, an venenis?Cic. Off. 3, 22, 87:
adulescentium greges Lacedaemone videmus ipsi incredibili contentione certantis pugnis, calcibus, unguibus, morsu denique,id. Tusc. 5, 27, 77:
manu,Sall. H. 2, 41, 6 Dietsch:
proelio,id. J. 81, 3:
cum Gallis pro salute,id. ib. 114, 2; cf. Tac. Agr. 5:
de ambiguo agro bello,Liv. 3, 71, 2:
de imperio cum populo Romano,Cic. de Or. 2, 18, 76:
de principatu armis,Tac. H. 2, 47; cf. Suet. Vesp. 5:
odiis etiam prope majoribus certarunt quam viribus,Liv. 21, 1, 3:
acie,Verg. A. 2, 30 et saep.—Impers.: dignus quicum certetur, Pac. ap. Non. p. 473, 16: certatur limine in ipso Ausoniae, Verg. A. 10, 355; 11, 313:
die quo Bedriaci certabatur,Tac. H. 2, 50:
quā in parte rex pugnae affuit, ibi aliquamdiu certatum,Sall. J. 74, 3:
in cujus (amnis) transgressu multum certato pervicit Vardanes,Tac. A. 11, 10; id. H. 4, 61.—Mostly poet. in pass.:
certata lite deorum Ambracia (for the possession of which Apollo. Diana, and Hercules contended),Ov. M. 13, 713:
certatus nobis orbis (i. e. de quo certavimus),Sil. 17, 342; cf. II. infra.—
II Out of the sphere of milit. operations, to contend, struggle, strive, emulate, vie with: certabant urbem Romam Remoramne vocarent, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 48, 107 (Ann. v. 85 Vahl.): haut doctis dictis certantes sed maledictis, Enn. ap. Gell. 20, 10, 4 (Ann. v. 274 ib.):
minis mecum, minaciis,Plaut. Truc. 5, 56:
malitiā tecum,id. Pers. 2, 2, 56:
benedictis,Ter. Phorm. prol. 20:
certare ingenio, contendere nobilitate,Lucr. 2, 11:
cum aliquo dicacitate,Cic. Brut. 46, 172:
officiis inter se,id. Fam. 7, 31, 1; cf.:
certatum inter collegas maledictis,Liv. 5, 8, 13; and:
eo modo inter se duo imperatores certabant,Sall. J. 52, 1:
cum civibus de virtute,id. C. 9, 2:
pro sua quisque potentia,id. ib. 38, 3:
contumaciā adversus contemnentes humilitatem suam nobiles certavit (Licinius),Liv. 9, 46, 4: cum usuris fructibus praediorum, to contend against interest (to strive to pay interest) with the produce of estates, Cic. Cat. 2, 8, 18: cum a Cheruscis Longobardisque pro antiquo decore aut recenti libertate;
et contra, augendae dominationi certaretur,Tac. A. 2, 46:
ob hircum,Hor. A. P. 220:
joco,id. C. 2, 12, 18:
mero,id. ib. 4, 1, 31:
animis iniquis,Verg. A. 10, 7:
parsimoniā et vigiliis et labore cum ultimis militum,Liv. 34, 18, 5:
sententiis,Tac. A. 1, 29 al.:
ut si nautae certarent, quis eorum potissimum gubernaret,Cic. Off. 1, 25, 87:
mos gentis est, equitare jaculari cursu cum aequalibus certare,Sall. J. 6, 1:
dic mecum quo pignore certes,Verg. E. 3, 31:
celeri sagittā,id. A. 5, 485:
certemus, spinas animone ego fortius an tu Evellas agro,Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 4.— Poet., with acc.: hanc rem ( = de hac re), Sedigit. ap. Gell. 15, 24; cf. in pass.:
cui (multae) certandae cum dies advenisset,Liv. 25, 3, 14.—With dat. instead of cum:
solus tibi certat Amyntas,Verg. E. 5, 8; Hor. S. 2, 5, 19; id. Epod. 11, 18; 2, 20; id. C. 2, 6, 15; Verg. E. 8, 55; id. G. 2, 138; Ov. M. 14, 794.—
2 Particularly of judicial disputations, to contend at law:
inter se,Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 16, § 39; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 13, §
32: in centumvirali judicio,id. de Or. 1, 39, 177:
si a duumviris provocarit, provocatione certato,Liv. 1, 26, 6:
si quid se judice certes,Hor. S. 2, 1, 49:
foro si res certabitur olim,id. ib. 2, 5, 27.—
3 With inf. (mostly poet.), to strive to do something, to labor, endeavor, struggle earnestly, to exert one's self:
certantes ad summum succedere honorem,Lucr. 5, 1123; so,
inter se cernere,id. 5, 394:
dimittere se (nubes),id. 6, 509:
populum alium suorum sepelire,id. 6, 1247:
Phoebum superare canendo,Verg. E. 5, 9:
superare,Ov. M. 5, 394:
vincere,Verg. A. 5, 194:
tollere (hunc) tergeminis honoribus,Hor. C. 1, 1, 8:
inter se eruere quercum,Verg. A. 4, 443:
certat quisque evadere,Curt. 9, 4, 33:
frangere fluctus,Plin. Pan. 81 fin.; Sil. 13, 222; Stat. S. 5, 3, 191.
Where it came from
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Latin text and lemmatization derived from the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-latinLit), CC BY-SA 4.0. Lewis & Short (public domain) via Perseus. This derived data is shared under the same CC BY-SA 4.0 license.