sa

1. ṣa the second of the three sibilants (it belongs to the cerebral class, and is sometimes substituted for s, and more rarely for ś, and occasionally interchangeable with kh; in sound it corresponds to sh in the English word shun ; many roots which begin with s are written in the Dhātu-pāṭha with ṣ, prob. to show that their initial s is liable to be cerebralized after certain prepositions).

6. sa the actual base for the nom. case of the 3rd pers. pron. tad, q.v. (occurring only in the nom. sg. mf. [sa or sas, sā], and in the Ved. loc. [sasmin, RV. i, 152, 6 ; i, 174, 4 ; x, 95, 11 ]; the final s of the nom. m. is dropped before all consonants [except before p in RV. v, 2, 4 , and before t in RV. viii, 33, 16 ] and appears only at the end of a sentence in the form of Visarga ; sa occasionally blends with another vowel [as in saI zaH ]; and it is often for emphasis connected with another pron. as with aham, tvam, eṣa, ayam &c. [ e.g. soham, satvam, ‘I (or thou) that very person’; cf. under tad, p. 434], the verb then following in the 1st and 2nd pers. even if aham or tvam be omitted [ e.g. satvāpṛcchāmi ‘I that very person ask you’, BṛĀrUp. ; savainobrūhi ‘do thou tell us’, ŚBr. ]; similarly, to denote emphasis, with bhavān [ e.g. sabhavānvijayāyapratiṣṭhatām, ‘let your Highness set out for victory’, Śak. ]; it sometimes [and frequently in the Brāhmaṇa s] stands as the first word of a sentence preceding a rel. pronoun or adv. such as ya, yad, yadi, yathā, ce d ; in this position sa may be used pleonastically or as a kind of ind. , even where another gender or number is required [ e.g. sayadisthāvarāāpobhananti, ‘if those waters are stagnant’, ŚBr. ]; in the Sāṃkhya sa, like eṣa, ka, and ya, is used to denote Puruṣa , ‘the Universal Soul’), RV. &c. &c.

(and when compounded with nouns to form adjectives and adverbs it may be translated by ‘with’, ‘together or along with’, ‘accompanied by’, ‘added to’, ‘having’, ‘possessing’, ‘containing’, ‘having the same’ [ cf. sakopa, sA gni , sabhāya, sadroṇa, sadharman, savarṇa]; or it may = ‘ly’, as in sakopam, ‘angrily’, so paDi , ‘fraudulently’), RV. ; &c.