1. يَد
yad ( nom. and acc. sg. n. and base in comp. of 3. ya), who, which, what, whichever, whatever, that, RV. &c. &c. (with correlatives tad, tyad, etad, idam, adas, tadetad, etadtyad, idaṃtad, tadidam, tādṛśa, īdṛśa, īdṛś, etāvad, by which it is oftener followed than preceded; or the correl. is dropped, e.g. yas tu nA raBate karma kzipram Bavati nirdravyaH , ‘[he] indeed who does not begin work soon becomes poor’, R. ; or the rel. is dropped, e.g. andhakambhartāraṃnatyajetsāmahāsatī, ‘she who does not desert a blind husband is a very faithful wife’, Vet. yad is often repeated to express ‘whoever’, ‘whatever’, ‘whichever’, e.g. yoyaḥ, ‘whatever man’; yāyā, ‘whatever woman’; yoyajjayatitasyatat, ‘whatever he wins [in war] belongs to him’, Mn. vii, 96 ; yadyadvadatitadtadbhavati, ‘whatever he says is true’, or the two relatives may be separated by hi, and are followed by the doubled or single correl. tad, e.g. upyateyaddhiyadbījamtattadevaprarohati, ‘whatever seed is sown, that even comes forth’, Mn. ix, 40 ; similar indefinite meanings are expressed by the relative joined with tad, e.g. yasmaitasmai, ‘to any one whatever’, esp. in yadvātadvā, ‘anything whatever’; or by yaḥ with kaśca, kaścana, kaścit, or [in later language, not in Manu ] kopi, e.g. yaḥkaścit, ‘whosoever’; yānikānicamitrāṇi, ‘any friends whatsoever’; yena kenA py upA yena , ‘by any means whatsoever’. yad is joined with tvad to express generalization, e.g. śūdrāṃstvadyāṃstvad, ‘either the Śūdra s or anybody else’, ŚBr. ; or immediately followed by a pers. pron. on which it lays emphasis, e.g. yoham, ‘I that very person who’; yastvaṃkathaṃvettha, ‘how do you know?’, ŚBr. ; it is also used in the sense of ‘si quis’, e.g. striyaṃspṛśedyaḥ, ‘should any one touch a woman’. yad is also used without the copula, e.g. andhojaḍaḥpīṭhasarpīsaptatyāsthaviraścayaḥ, ‘a blind man, an idiot, a cripple, and a man seventy years old’, Mn. viii, 394 ; sometimes there is a change of construction in such cases, e.g. yecamānuṣāḥ for mānuṣāṃśca, Mn. x, 86 ; the nom. sg. n. yad is then often used without regard to gender or number and may be translated by ‘as regards’, ‘as for’, e.g. kṣatraṃvāetadvanaspatīnāṃyannyagrodhaḥ, ‘as for the Nyag-rodha , it is certainly the prince among trees’, AitBr. ; or by ‘that is to say’, ‘to wit’ e.g. tatodevāetaṃvajraṃdadṛśuryadapaḥ, ‘the gods then saw this thunderbolt, to wit, the water’, ŚBr. yad as an adv. conjunction generally = ‘that’, esp. after verbs of saying, thinking &c., often introducing an oratio directa with or without iti; itiyad, at the end of a sentence = ‘thinking that’, ‘under the impression that’ e.g. Ratnāv. ii, 2/8. yad also = ‘so that’, ‘in order that’, ‘wherefore’, ‘whence’, ‘as’, ‘in as much as’, ‘since’, ‘because’ [the correlative being tad, ‘therefore’], ‘when’, ‘if’, RV. &c. &c.; adhayad, ‘even if’, ‘although’, RV. yadapi id. , Megh. yadu — evam, ‘as — so’, ŚvetUp. ; yaduta, ‘that’, Bālar. ; ‘that is to say’, ‘scilicet’, Kāraṇḍ. ; Divyāv. ; yatkila, ‘that’, Prasannar. ; yacca, ‘if’, ‘that is to say’, Car. ; yaccayacca, ‘both - and’, Divyāv. ; ‘that’ [ accord. to Pāṇ. iii, 3, 148 after expressions of ‘impossibility’, ‘disbelief’, ‘hope’, ‘disregard’, ‘reproach’ and ‘wonder’]; yadvā, ‘or else’, ‘whether’, Kāv. ; Rājat. ; [yadvā, ‘or else’, is very often in commentators]; ‘however’, Bālar. ; yadvā — yadivā, ‘if — or if’, Bhag. ; yadbhūyasā, ‘for the most part’, Divyāv. ; yatsatyam, ‘certainly’, ‘indeed’, ‘of course’, Mṛcch. ; Ratnāv. ; yannu, with 1st pers. , ‘what if I’, ‘let me’, Divyāv. )