- torment, punishment, penance, esp. religious austerity, self-chastisement ascetic practice. This was condemned by the Buddha: Gotamo sabbaṃ tapaṃ garahati tapassiṃ lūkhajīviṃ upavadati DN.i.161 = SN.iv.330 anattha-sañhitaṃ ñatvā yaṃ kiñci aparaṃ tapaṃ SN.i.103; Ja.iv.306 (tattatapa: see tatta).
- mental devotion, self-control, abstinence, practice of morality (often brahmacariyā & saṃvara); in this sense held up as an ideal by the Buddha. DN.iii.42 sq., DN.iii.232 (attan & paran˚) DN.iii.239; SN.i.38, SN.i.43; SN.iv.118, SN.iv.180; MN.ii.155, MN.ii.199; DN.ii.49; Dhp.184 (paramaṃ tapo), Dhp.194 (tapo sukho); Snp.77; SN.i.172 (saddhā bījaṃ tapo vuṭṭhi); Snp.267 (t. ca brahmacariyā ca), Snp.655 (id.), Snp.901; Pv.i.3#2 (instr. tapasā brahmacariyena Pv-a.15); Ja.i.293; Ne.121 (+ indriyasaṃvara); Kp-a.151 (pāpake dhamme tapatī ti tapo): Vv-a.114 (instr. tapasā); Pv-a.98.
- -kamma ascetic practice SN.i.103;
- -jigucchā disgust for asceticism DN.i.174; DN.iii.40, DN.iii.42 sq., DN.iii.48 sq.; AN.ii.200
- -pakkama = ˚kamma DN.i.165 sq. (should it be tapopakkama = tapa + upakkama, or tapo-kamma?).
- -vana the ascetic’s forest Vism.58, Vism.79, Vism.342.
from tapati, cp. Lat. tepor, heat