- lit. hard, rigid firm Ja.i.293 (opp. muduka); Vism.351 (˚lakkhaṇa) Pv-a.139 (= ujjhangala).
- fig.
- hardened, obdurate callous, selfish DN.i.118 (māna˚); DN.iii.45 (+ atimānin); AN.ii.26 = Iti.113 (kuha th. lapa); Snp.104 (see gotta˚); Ja.i.88 (māna˚), Ja.ii.136; Sdhp.90
- slow Mil.103 (opp. lahuka; cp. BSk. dhandha, on which Kern, Toevoegselen ii.90)
■ See thambha & thūṇa.
- -maccharin obdurate & selfish, or very selfish Dhp-a.iii.313; Vv-a.69; Pv-a.45;
- -hadaya hard-hearted Ja.iii.68.
pp. of thambeti, Sk. stabhnāti to make firm, prop, hold up; cp. Av. stawra firm, Gr. ἀστεμφής, σταφυλή; Goth. stafs, Ags. staef = E. staff; Ohg. stab See also khambha & chambheti