LOGOI

The corpus record

χαλκός

chalkos · ὁ

copper, copper, bronze

Generated live from the audited corpus — every figure on this page is a database query, not prose from memory.

Where it lives

  • Shield of Heracles 5 · 15.46/10k
  • Iliad 161 · 14.44/10k
  • Oeconomica II 4 · 8.51/10k
  • Epistula Jeremiae 1 · 7.94/10k
  • Odyssey 58 · 6.67/10k
  • Economics 4 · 6.45/10k
  • Metaphysics 47 · 5.99/10k
  • Paralipomenon I 7 · 5.27/10k
  • Lamentationes 1 · 4.29/10k
  • De Insomniis 1 · 4.19/10k
  • Exodus 9 · 3.8/10k
  • Minos 1 · 3.51/10k

Densest 12 of 65 attested works shown, by occurrences per 10,000 attested tokens.

What it meant — LSJ

copper, copper, bronze

copper, χ. ἐρυθρός Il. 9.365; with reference to its polished surface, αἶθοψ, ἦνοψ, νῶροψ, φαεινός, 4.495, 16.408, 2.578, 12.151; Τρῶες . . χαλκῷ μαρμαίροντες 13.801; πεδίον . . λάμπετο χαλκῷ 20.156; τῆλε δὲ χ. λάμφʼ ὥς τε στεροπή 10.153, cf. 11.65, 19.363; σάκος . . χαλκῷ παμφαῖνον 14.11; and of the ornaments of a house, χαλκοῦ τε στεροπήν Od. 4.72; of copper as the first metal that men learnt to smelt and work, τῶν δʼ ἦν χάλκεα μὲν τεύχεα, χάλκεοι δέ τε οἶκοι, χαλκῷ δʼ εἰργάζοντο, μέλας δʼ οὐκ

II anything made of metal, the spear of bronze, the helm of bronze

in Poets freq. for anything made of metal, esp. of arms (hence Pi. calls it πολιός, the proper epith. of iron, P. 3.48); of offensive arms, ὀξέϊ χαλκῷ, νηλέϊ χ., of a spear, a sword, Il. 4.540, 3.292, al.; of a knife, 1.236, al.; of an axe, 13.180, Od. 5.244, al.; of a fish-hook, Il. 16.408; of defensive arms, as the plates laid on a shield, 20.275; χαλκὸν ζώννυσθαι, of a warrior girding on his armour, 23.130; κεκορυθμένος, αἴθοπι χ. 4.495; ἐδύσετο νώροπα χ. 2.578; of both combined, πλάγχθη δʼ ἀ

2 copper, cauldron, urn, bronze plate

of vessels, copper, cauldron, urn, 18.349, Od. 8.426; of a cinerary urn, S. El. 758; collectively of bronze plate, χ. μυρίος, Pi. N. 10.45; θάλαμον . . , ὅθι νητὸς χρυσὸς καὶ χ. ἔκειτο Od. 2.338, cf. 13.19, 21.10, 62, Il. 2.226; used in payment of ransom, 22.50, cf. 340, Od. 5.38.

3 bronze mirror

of a bronze mirror, A. Fr. 393, Call. Lav.Pall. 21, Ap 6.210 (Philet.); used as a burning-glass, Thphr. Ign. 73.

4 copper money, money

collectively, copper money, IPE 12.24.15 (Olbia, iv B. C.), Ev.Matt. 10.9, Ev.Marc. 12.41, cf. ἰσόνομος II; generally, money, opp. κύαμοι, IG 14.423 ii 21 (Tauromenium), cf. BGU 822.12 (iii A. D.), etc.; χαλκοῦ σπάνις Men. Mon. 156; χαλκὸν ἔχων πῶς οὐδὲν ἔχεις μάθε AP 11.167 (Pollian.).

5 bronze plate, tablet, bronze copies

= χάλκωμα, bronze plate or tablet, τὰν προξενίαν γράψαντας εἰς χαλκὸν ἀνθέμεν IG 9(1).682 (Corcyra, iv B. C.); οὐετρανοὶ οἱ χωρὶς χαλκῶν, who have not received bronze copies of the privileges granted on discharge, BGU 113.5 (ii A. D.), etc.

6

a weight, 1/8 obol, Gal. 19.752.

III

χαλκοῦ ἄνθος, particles thrown off by copper when cooling, Hp. Mul. 1.104, Ph. Bel. 102.34, Dsc. 5.77.

b

χαλκοῦ λεπίς, small pieces that scale off under the hammer, ib. 78. (Perh. cf. Lith. geležìs ‘iron’.)

In the wild

6 of 442 attestations shown. Ask for more.

Where it came from

  • Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Brill 2010) Treated in Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Brill 2010) s.v. χαλκός (scan pp. 1662-1663; entry #6510).
  • Chantraine, Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue grecque Treated in Chantraine, Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue grecque s.v. χαλκός (scan p. 1264; entry #8651).
  • Frisk, Griechisches etymologisches Worterbuch Treated in Frisk, Griechisches etymologisches Worterbuch s.v. χαλκός (scan pp. 2040-2042; entry #6048).

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