What it meant
1. meaning — de Vaan
meaning 'point'. A large portion of the nouns in -ex, -iris represents technical terms without IE etymology, also building terminology (Leumann 1977: 375). Since apex refers to, among other things, the pinnacle' of a building, it might belong to this category. Theoretically, it might derive from PIE *h2ep(o) 'away', cf. the meaning of apncus derivatives such as Gr. άπιος 'far off, Skt. apara- 'next, further, more to … — [de Vaan, s.v. meaning, p. 60]
2. meaning — de Vaan
meaning 'to rise'. There is a present *kwelH-e/o- 'to turn', of course, but the semantic shift from 'going around' to 'pillar' is difficult (although not impossible: the pillars of a portico or a temple together usually 'surround' the sanctuary). Bibl.: WH I: 249f., EM 134, IEW 544, Schrijver 1991: 326f, LIV *kelKk -► -cello 1, co11is (. colus, -I/-fi$ 'distafF [m./f. o/u] (F1.+) It. cognates: *k™elu~. PIE … — [de Vaan, s.v. meaning, p. 141]
3. meaning — de Vaan
meaning 'sleep' is only found in Latin and Slavic for *drem^ in Indie for *dreH, and in Greek for *dr-. The accentuation of the Slavic verb points to *drem-\ this may be regarded as an inner-Slavic formation with lengthened vowel (Klingenschmitt 1989: 81,Derksen2008: 117). Bibl.: WH I: 372, EM 184, IEW 226, LIV 2. *drem. — [de Vaan, s.v. meaning, p. 194]
4. meaning — de Vaan
meaning 'nature' and 'good' (with short vowel in front of b < *bh) and the Gm. words *rfoo-, *dob- could go back to PIE *dhobh-. Their connection vAih faber is possible, but semantically not compelling, Beekes (1996: 230) argues that, if all these words are cognate, they can only be explained from a non-IE root *<ΛΪ£Λ-, Bibl.: WH I: 436f, EM 208, IEW 233f., Schrijver 1991: 102, Untermann 2000: 254, LIV *dheHbh- 'to … — [de Vaan, s.v. meaning, p. 211]
5. meaning — de Vaan
meaning 'internal'. WH seem to assume a derivative in *-ft"o- to PIE *entos 'inside', which is possible, but not the best solution. Leumann 1977 reconstructs *inter-stmowith regular development of *-rst- to -sf-, referring to Forssman 1965. This would mean that interstes has restored r, which is unproblematic. The suffix can be reconstructed as *-stlno-, which Forssman regards as the noun *^sth2-i- plus the suffix … — [de Vaan, s.v. meaning, p. 321]
6. meaning — de Vaan
meaning 'to enter, penetrate' for PIE *lendh-. This would be continued (in a specific usage) in Lith. lendii, whereas 'land' in BS1., CI. and Gm, can be understood as 'the area which is entered'. The HLuw. verb 'to expand', a denominative to *landra- < — [de Vaan, s.v. meaning, p. 366]
7. meaning — de Vaan
meaning 'to fill', or, in the middle, meant *to fill oneself, become full', we must assume that pollere does not immediately go back to the PIE nasal present. There might have been a (thematicised) form *polne/o- 'to fill', beside which a stative — [de Vaan, s.v. meaning, p. 492]
8. meaning — de Vaan
meaning 'to grind' or 'fine dust', they may be connected. Thus, it remains possible to derive pulvis from *pe/olH-u- (> Pit. *pe/olaw-\ but not from *polHu- > PIE *polu(Saussure's effect), since *polw- would yield Lat *poll-* The noun pulvmus can stem from *poluis-no-: a pillow used to be filled with straw or chaff BibL: WH Π: 388, EM 545, IEW 802, Leumann 1977: 321, Schrijver 1991: 256f. -+ palea pumex, -ids … — [de Vaan, s.v. meaning, p. 512]
9. meaning — de Vaan
meaning 'inert' (< 'standing'). BibL: WH II: 599, EM 655, 658, IEW 1019f., Leumann 1977: 329. — [de Vaan, s.v. meaning, p. 604]
10. meaning — de Vaan
meaning 'upwards' of *sup(o). Initial *s- in Italic (in sub and super) and in Greek cannot be explained by comparing sine with *en- as EM do, since sine is now etymologized differently. Whatever the origin of the s-, the Celtic forms show that it was a specific Italic development. Bibl.: WH 612-617, 633, EM 659-661, 668, IEW 1106f, Leumann 1977: 157, Beekes 1995: 222, Schrijver 1005: 116-130, Untennann 2000: 705f, … — [de Vaan, s.v. meaning, p. 609]
11. meaning — de Vaan
meaning 'to be cheerful' is a phantom, cf. EM 716. Since short -e- in non-initial open syllable does not normally occur (except in front of r and in sepetire), vegetus can hardly contain an unweakened vowel; at most, its -e- is due to progressive assimilation after initial ve- (thus Leumann 1977: 100): *vegitus > vegetus. Vegetus is often compared with the retained or restored second a in alacer and some other words … — [de Vaan, s.v. meaning, p. 671]
12. meaning — de Vaan
meaning 'man-like'. The adj. virilis may be formed on the basis of the gen.sg. via; thence was formed virJ-tim. BibL: WH II: 796f, EM 738f, IEW 1177f, Schrijver 1991: 235, 340, Untermann 2000: 858f. -► vis vireo 'to be green5 [v. II; pf virui] (Lucr.+) virga Derivatives: virescere 'to turn green' (Lucr.+), viridis [adj.] 'green' (Cato+), — [de Vaan, s.v. meaning, p. 695]
Latin text and lemmatization derived from the Perseus Digital Library (canonical-latinLit), CC BY-SA 4.0. Lewis & Short (public domain) via Perseus. This derived data is shared under the same CC BY-SA 4.0 license.